Authors and affiliation (s):
Pradeep Battula1,*, Akhila Narapureddy1, Pavithra Ammireddy1, Abdul Haseeb Mulla1, Karishma Khyder Shaik1, Mulla Saddar Basha1, Setlem Venkata Sai Krishna1, Venkata Chenchaiah Perla2
1Department of Pharmacy Practice, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
2Department of Cardiology, Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine the risk of reoccurrence in CVD patients based on questionnaire, drug interactions and ejection fraction. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional hospital-based observational study. The study questionnaire contains qualitative and quantitative queries. The obtained score decides whether the patient is mild, moderate, or severe. Results: Out of 211 patients, according to the questionnaire, six patients (2.84%) had severe risk, 59 individuals (27.9%) were at risk according to the American Heart Association’s Ejection Fraction recommendations. Four individuals (1.8%) were more at risk based on the drug interactions. Furthermore, alcohol (OR=5.06, 95% CI=1.03 -24.78), palm oil (OR=13.14, 95% CI=0.9-191.23), sunflower oil (OR=3.53, 95% CI=0.33-37.52), buffalo milk (OR=3.58, 95% CI=0-7,845.56), and a lack of exercise (OR=7.64, 95% CI=2.43-24.04) were the main risk factors for the development of CVD disease. Further smoking (χ2=17.21, p=0.001), passive smoking (χ2=6.37, p=0.012), alcohol (χ2=12.59, p=0.001), cooking oil (χ2=9.5, p=0.009), junk food (χ2=7.58, p=0.006), lack of exercise (χ2=13.65, p=0.001), eating more sodium in foods (χ2=5.77, p=0.016), and blood cholesterol (χ2=5.12, p=0.024), have association with risk of CVD. Conclusion: Lifestyle modifications need to be followed to reduce the progression of CVD; otherwise, the patients are at risk of developing CVD disease.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, Ejection fraction, Lifestyle modifications, Cardiac risk assessment, Potential drug interactions.